Debian11配置优化指南

阅读次数：431 次来源：admin 发布时间：2022-03-18 01:52

原文地址: Debian 11 配置优化指南 - WindSpiritIT

0x00 简介

本文仅适用于配置 Debian 11 Bullseye

文中同时包含 Gnome 桌面和 KDE 桌面配置，其中大部分相同，不同之处分别列出

Gnome 桌面相关配置更新滞后，可能不再更新

KDE 及 Gnome 优化配置部分请根据个人喜好自行配置

文中使用 debianuser 代替用户名，执行命令或复制配置时请注意替换

文中涉及的带版本号的软件包/环境，版本号使用 xxx 代替，请根据实际情况安装最新版本或自己需要的版本

本文编辑整理时间距离实践时间相隔过长，编辑过程中可能出现不准确内容，如果在您的时间过程中发现与本文不符的情况，请尽量在评论区留言，我将尽快确认更新

0x01 基础配置

该步骤中大部分操作需要重启，所以不要根据配置完成后应用是否能正常使用来判断配置应用情况

在该步骤末尾会重启一次应用所有配置

使用英文重命名 /home 目录下文件夹

cd ~
mkdir Desktop Download Templates Public Documents Music Pictures Videos
rm -rf 公共 模板 视频 图片 文档 下载 音乐 桌面
xdg-user-dirs-update --set DESKTOP ~/Desktop
xdg-user-dirs-update --set DOWNLOAD ~/Download
xdg-user-dirs-update --set TEMPLATES ~/Templates
xdg-user-dirs-update --set PUBLICSHARE ~/Public
xdg-user-dirs-update --set DOCUMENTS ~/Documents
xdg-user-dirs-update --set MUSIC ~/Music
xdg-user-dirs-update --set PICTURES ~/Pictures
xdg-user-dirs-update --set VIDEOS ~/Videos

将用户添加到 sudoers 中

该步骤需要先切换到 root 身份，有两个方案

切换到新的 tty

Ctrl + Alt + F3 切换到纯命令行界面的新终端，并以 root 身份登录进行操作

结束后使用 exit 退出终端，按 Ctrl + Alt + F1/F2 切换回用户身份图形界面

通过 SSH

ssh root@localhost

结束后使用 exit 退出终端

以下命令在 root 身份下执行

chmod +w /etc/sudoers
cat >> /etc/sudoers << EOF
debianuser ALL=(ALL:ALL) ALL
EOF
chmod -w /etc/sudoers
exit

以上命令在 root 身份下执行

更换软件源

sudo tee /etc/apt/sources.list <<-'EOF'
deb https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/debian/ bullseye main contrib non-free
# deb-src https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/debian/ bullseye main contrib non-free
deb https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/debian/ bullseye-updates main contrib non-free
# deb-src https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/debian/ bullseye-updates main contrib non-free

deb https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/debian/ bullseye-backports main contrib non-free
# deb-src https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/debian/ bullseye-backports main contrib non-free

deb https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/debian-security bullseye-security main contrib non-free
# deb-src https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/debian-security bullseye-security main contrib non-free
EOF
sudo apt update
sudo apt upgrade
sudo apt dist-upgrade

配置基础软件包

sudo apt install vim wget curl htop git proxychains4 screenfetch tmux bash-completion fcitx5-rime chromium fcitx5-material-color zsh fonts-powerline fzf net-tools openssh-server firewalld bat chromium

安装的软件包

包名用途 vim 终端文本编辑器 wget 终端文件下载工具 curl 终端 URL 工具 htop 系统监控与进程管理工具 git 版本控制工具 proxychains4 终端代理 screenfetch 在终端显示系统信息 tmux 终端复用器 bash-completion bash 自动补全 fcitx5-rime 基于 fcitx5 的 rime 输入法 fcitx5-material-color fcitx5 主题 chromium Chromium 浏览器 zsh 终端解释器 fonts-powerline powerline 字体 fzf 终端模糊搜索工具 net-tools 网络配置工具 openssh-server OpenSSH 服务器 firewalld 防火墙 bat 更强大的 cat 命令卸载无用软件包

主要卸载一些多语言支持和游戏包，可跳过

KDE

sudo apt remove --purge ibus* xterm goldendict fcitx fcitx-* anthy anthy-* mozc-* mlterm* xiterm+thai mariadb-common
sudo apt autoremove --purge

Gnome

注意：执行时请注意要卸载的软件包中是否存在类似 gnome 之类的系统包，如果存在请尝试手动一个一个卸载

sudo apt remove --purge ibus ibus-* xterm goldendict aisleriot evolution gnome-todo gnome-klotski gnome-tetravex gnome-chess gnome-maps gnome-mines gnome-taquin gnome-sudoku gnome-robots gnome-nibbles gnome-music gnome-mahjongg gnome-2048 hitori transmission-* quadrapassel lightsoff four-in-a-row tali swell-foop five-or-more iagno fcitx fcitx-* anthy anthy-* mozc-* mlterm mlterm-* xiterm+thai
sudo apt autoremove --purge

无线网卡驱动

如果你的电脑存在无线网卡，并且在安装好操作系统之后发现无线网卡无法使用，请尝试如下步骤

sudo apt install firmware-iwlwifi
sudo modprobe -r iwlwifi
sudo modprobe iwlwifi

Nvidia 显卡驱动

如果你的电脑存在 Nvidia 显卡，并且在安装好操作系统之后发现显卡无法使用，请尝试如下步骤

sudo apt install nvidia-detect
sudo nvidia-detect

该步骤会根据硬件检测应该安装哪些驱动，请按照输出安装对应的驱动，例如提示 nvidia-driver

sudo apt install nvidia-driver

tmux 快捷键

sudo tee /etc/tmux.conf <<-'EOF'
set -g prefix C-a
unbind C-b
bind C-a send-prefix
EOF

安装 Clash for Window

从 GitHub - Fndroid/clash_for_windows_pkg 下载 CFW，注意下载 Clash.for.Windows-x.xx.x-x64-linux.tar.gz

将其解压到 /usr/local/cfw

tar zxvf Clash.for.Windows-0.19.5-x64-linux.tar.gz -C cfw --strip-components 1

创建 ~/.local/share/applications/cfw.desktop 用于显示桌面图标

touch ~/.local/share/applications/cfw.desktop
tee ~/.local/share/applications/cfw.desktop <<-'EOF'
[Desktop Entry]
Version=1.0
Name=Clash For Windows
GenericName=Clash For Windows
Comment=Clash For Windows for Linux
Exec=/usr/local/cfw/cfw
Terminal=false
Type=Application
Icon=clash
Categories=Network
EOF

配置 Advanced Copy

仓库位于 GitHub - jarun/advcpmv，无需手动下载

wget http://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/coreutils/coreutils-9.0.tar.xz
tar Jxvf coreutils-9.0.tar.xz
cd coreutils-9.0/
wget https://raw.githubusercontent.com/jarun/advcpmv/master/advcpmv-0.9-9.0.patch
patch -p1 -i advcpmv-0.9-9.0.patch
./configure
make
sudo chmod +x ./src/cp ./src/mv
sudo chown root. ./src/cp ./src/mv
sudo mv ./src/cp /usr/local/bin/cpg
sudo mv ./src/mv /usr/local/bin/mvg

配置 ZSH

切换到 zsh

chsh -s /bin/zsh
sudo ln -s ~/.zshrc /root

完成以上步骤后切换到 root 用户将自动为其配置 zsh， zinit 及 .zshrc 中配置的插件

重启

sudo reboot

0x02 安装应用

下载 Google Chrome

下载 Microsoft Visual Studio Code

下载 JetBrains Toolbox A

下载 Go for Linux

下载 Nodejs LTS

sudo apt install ./google-chrome-stable_current_amd64.deb
sudo apt install ./code_xxx_amd64.deb
sudo apt remove --purge 'firefox-esr*'

JetBrains Toolbox

用于管理 JetBrains IDE

建议将 IDE 安装路径配置为 /usr/local/JetBrai

tar zxvf jetbrains-toolbox-xxx.tar.gz
./jetbrains-toolbox-xxx/jetbrains-toolbox

下载 GitHub - ja-netfilter/ja-netfilter，解压到 /usr/local/JetBrains/ja-netfilter

修改 config 中配置如下

[DNS]
EQUAL,jetbrains.com
[URL]
PREFIX,https://account.jetbrains.com/lservice/rpc/validateKey.action
[Result]
EQUAL,120506319308405029943033101198259523557651500267734599270782782071425072541184605728867830395125412768750966448411447392137801711908001958831204692561738046570955709184538088569271703484602917023462976408329100293802371486063140115775311907530943821345005598057265747678100463689973450156515895355214983079672467769169324175533323801179755544364921063654340185317077965735659865485150734884110709760680757502730007505995422237875348017761382234951127263548660889969621730944377739766734765769747684457663965611896398862841334032542726392699785677440644859509166466497325071885386505404431787167239320957696896447925472784312642576835792921100239616617639216190447230487878404191838684279341834945197861631446454083984351911070798505031973496634229907567362853550735007045265430703581336189733180744888091740381912913980707537008943084904260746266383019688346709856215660232636334604552145129775009725685598798774376749830567219982166661918408832945395290223853748014160473876195098438959881711585152480525870219408398012002829112863175041709512032251930709608035158747101960447898838942705485214217426612863919268749874079707310181890737049603255938886865558759802593500502795018952114650332765839003032013708006750600413455628536259,65537,860106576952879101192782278876319243486072481962999610484027161162448933268423045647258145695082284265933019120714643752088997312766689988016808929265129401027490891810902278465065056686129972085119605237470899952751915070244375173428976413406363879128531449407795115913715863867259163957682164040613505040314747660800424242248055421184038777878268502955477482203711835548014501087778959157112423823275878824729132393281517778742463067583320091009916141454657614089600126948087954465055321987012989937065785013284988096504657892738536613208311013047138019418152103262155848541574327484510025594166239784429845180875774012229784878903603491426732347994359380330103328705981064044872334790365894924494923595382470094461546336020961505275530597716457288511366082299255537762891238136381924520749228412559219346777184174219999640906007205260040707839706131662149325151230558316068068139406816080119906833578907759960298749494098180107991752250725928647349597506532778539709852254478061194098069801549845163358315116260915270480057699929968468068015735162890213859113563672040630687357054902747438421559817252127187138838514773245413540030800888215961904267348727206110582505606182944023582459006406137831940959195566364811905585377246353->31872219281407242025505148642475109331663948030010491344733687844358944945421064967310388547820970408352359213697487269225694990179009814674781374751323403257628081559561462351695605167675284372388551941279783515209238245831229026662363729380633136520288327292047232179909791526492877475417113579821717193807584807644097527647305469671333646868883650312280989663788656507661713409911267085806708237966730821529702498972114194166091819277582149433578383639532136271637219758962252614390071122773223025154710411681628917523557526099053858210363406122853294409830276270946292893988830514538950951686480580886602618927728470029090747400687617046511462665469446846624685614084264191213318074804549715573780408305977947238915527798680393538207482620648181504876534152430149355791756374642327623133843473947861771150672096834149014464956451480803326284417202116346454345929350148770746553056995922154382822307758515805142704373984019252210715650875853634697920708113806880196144197384637328982263167395073688501517286678083973976140696077590122053014085412828620051470085033364773099146103525313018873319293728800442101520384088109603555959893639842091339193857485407672132882577840295039058621747654642202620767068924079813640067442975
EQUAL,8028659553836119901593655311677865290672387540027895708985570867455842278776015838142490556122515317003830575671206217290165955723210315889275621408086645995280770696135307020454887097794294273869941097888549275028604248332746117479367032100139091095818169444690976206636597409322539276252570779516636180497560345090851316373570301807158645002654208816162902430571101092599540795501152368695431168224953320283502815852695423193526255836776240019085157444254721864134058745605280085897450952937893645487302683006269553010996013513395044612932182772364336368242146044741660443063207438830622376694839772096688572619877,65537,21052260334349247097390263197515551021430500095747078612475171670547647379514624742422155617118382403386162585789957995106937640909858927441120214136124618650916253946431099279059999234690271861285094667690686174087562943995337813383652323725628494261414287817117703355799303086256914782640807165021059760198249458510362432176960683009890989990086614909076853502936665842869163947730574085863127445475967466399017447434906719734480523659879746056728772390182338236187070557277461449143752467418310063647027554915213099799725713708651142505590086828211040619445941301844994775362846837122335522584661592447560060751169->986236757547332986472011617696226561292849812918563355472727826767720188564083584387121625107510786855734801053524719833194566624465665316622563244215340671405971599343902468620306327831715457360719532421388780770165778156818229863337344187575566725786793391480600129482653072861971002459947277805295727097226389568776499707662505334062639449916265137796823793276300221537201727072401742985542559596685092673521228140822200236743113743661549252453726123450722876929538747702356573783116197523966334991563351853851212597377279504828784687920949198341066450537230593608440475006386024448307924665012521692416658191

在 .vmoptions 中写入

-javaagent:/usr/local/JetBrains/ja-netfilter/ja-netfilter.jar

使用认证服务器授权

Go & NodeJS & Java

建议将 go 和 nodejs 分别安装到 /usr/local/go 和 /usr/local/nodejs 下

为 java 创建 /usr/local/java 目录，将各版本 jdk 统一解压到该目录下便于管理

sudo mkdir /usr/local/go
sudo mkdir /usr/local/nodejs
sudo chown debianuser. -R /usr/local/go
sudo chown debianuser. -R /usr/local/nodejs
tar zxvf Downloads/goxxxlinux-amd64.tar.gz -C /usr/local/go/ --strip-components=1
tar Jxvf Downloads/node-v14.17.3-linux-x64.tar.xz -C /usr/local/nodejs/ --strip-components=1
sudo tee /etc/zsh/zprofile <<-'EOF'

export NODE_HOME='/usr/local/nodejs'

export GOROOT='/usr/local/go'
export GOPATH="$HOME/.go"
export GOENV="$HOME/.config/go/env"
export GOCACHE="$HOME/.cache/go-build"

export JAVA_HOME='/usr/local/java/jdk-xxx'

export PATH="$PATH:$NODE_HOME/bin"
export PATH="$PATH:$GOROOT/bin"
export PATH="$PATH:$JAVA_HOME/bin"
EOF
source /etc/zsh/zprofile

配置 Go Modules，Go 代理并切换 npm 源

go env -w GO111MODULE=on
go env -w GOPROXY=https://goproxy.cn,https://goproxy.io,direct
npm config set registry https://registry.npmmirror.com/

安装 MySQL Server 及 MySQL Workbench

访问 MySQL Community Downloads 下载 APT 仓库管理包

由于 MySQL Workbench 依赖 Python 版本较高，MySQL 在 Debian 源中禁用了该包

访问 MySQL Product Archives 下载适用于 Ubuntu 18.04 的 8.0.22 安装包

sudo apt install ./Downloads/mysql-apt-config_xxx_all.deb
sudo apt update
sudo apt upgrade
sudo apt install mysql-server
sudo systemctl start mysql
sudo systemctl enable mysql
sudo apt install ./Downloads/mysql-workbench-community_8.0.23-1ubuntu18.04_amd64.deb

安装 VSCode 扩展

以下仅为推荐扩展，请根据自己的技术栈及个人喜好自行选择

Chinese (Simplified) Language Pack for Visual Studio Code Markdown All in One Markdown Preview Enhanced markdownlint Remote Development Todo Tree ESLint Python C/C++ 0x03 KDE 桌面优化系统设置外观全局主题获取新的全局主题: Nordic darker KDE Plasma 样式: Nordic-darker 应用程序样式窗口装饰: Nordic 颜色: Breeze 微风暗色图标获取新图标主题: Nordic Folders icon pack Mod 工作区工作区行为常规行为点击行为: 双击打开文件和文件夹锁屏自动锁定屏幕: 如果空闲 30 分钟锁屏多久后需要密码解锁: 0 秒开机与关机登录屏幕（SDDM）获取新登录屏幕: Chili login theme for KDE Plasma 欢迎屏幕: Nordic-darker 搜索 KRunner 屏幕上的位置: 居中关闭保留先前的搜索网络网络设置代理选择使用手动配置的代理服务器 HTTP 代理: 127.0.0.1 端口: 7890 打开所有协议都使用同样的代理服务器硬件电源管理节能屏幕节能: 关闭前等待时间 30 分钟面板配置面板高度: 46 在任务管理器两侧添加边距更多选项打开最大化面板图标任务管理器外观打开悬停任务时高亮窗口行为分组: 不分组只显示任务: 打开来自当前屏幕数字时钟外观打开显示秒时间显示: 24 小时制 Konsole 配置常规关闭记住窗口大小配置方案常规初始终端尺寸: 140 列 30 行外观配色方案和字体获取新的: Nordic konsole 字体: Sarasa Term SC 10pt 滚动回滚: 无限制 0x04 Gnome 桌面优化安装 Gnome 扩展

访问 GNOME Shell Extensions 启用扩展

Alternatetab AppIndicator and KStatusNotifierItem Support Dash to panel User theme

安装主题 GitHub - PapirusDevelopmentTeam/papirus-icon-theme

sudo sh -c "echo 'deb http://ppa.launchpad.net/papirus/papirus/ubuntu focal main' > /etc/apt/sources.list.d/papirus-ppa.list"
sudo apt install dirmngr
sudo apt-key adv --recv-keys --keyserver keyserver.ubuntu.com E58A9D36647CAE7F
sudo apt update
sudo apt install papirus-icon-theme

Gnome 系统设置网络网络代理手动 HTTP 代理: 127.0.0.1 7890 HTTPS 代理: 127.0.0.1 7890 Socks 主机: 127.0.0.1 7890 电源息屏: 15 分钟自动挂起使用电池时延迟: 30 分钟已插入电源延迟: 60 分钟电源按钮行为: 休眠键盘快捷键添加名称: Terminal 命令: gnome-terminal 快捷键: Ctrl + Alt + T 鼠标和触摸板: 打开轻拍以点击 Gnome 终端设置配置文件首选项常规: 关闭启用菜单快捷键未命名文本终端起始尺寸 140 列 30 行颜色调色板内置方案: GNOME 开启以亮色显示粗体字滚动: 关闭回滚限制 Gnome 优化配置通用: 关闭笔记本电脑盖子关闭时挂起外观应用程序: Adwaita-dark 图标: Papirus 字体微调: 完全抗锯齿: 子像素扩展 Dash to Panel 位置面板屏幕位置: 顶部 Panel thickness: 40 px 关闭 Desktop button 风格应用图标边缘空白: 4 px 6 px 运行指示器位置: 顶部运行指示器风格选项打开指示器颜色 - 覆盖主题全部设置为白色打开为未取得焦点的程序使用不同方案全部设置为灰色打开覆盖面板主题背景不透明度面板背景不透明度 60 行为打开隔离工作区打开隔离显示器打开取消应用程序分组窗口标题栏打开最大化打开最小化键盘和鼠标: 关闭中间点击粘贴顶栏打开电池百分比打开日期打开秒 0x05 ZSH 配置参考

.zshrc

CHANGE_LANG_NOGUI=true

# apt install fonts-powerline
# Download https://github.com/ryanoasis/nerd-fonts/releases/download/v2.1.0/Hack.zip
# Extract the files and copy all font files to user font folder like ~/.local/share/fonts
# fc-cache -f -v

### Added by Zinit's installer
if [[ ! -f $HOME/.local/share/zinit/zinit.git/zinit.zsh ]]; then
    print -P "%F{33} %F{220}Installing %F{33}ZDHARMA-CONTINUUM%F{220} Initiative Plugin Manager (%F{33}zdharma-continuum/zinit%F{220})…%f"
    command mkdir -p "$HOME/.local/share/zinit" && command chmod g-rwX "$HOME/.local/share/zinit"
    command git clone https://github.com/zdharma-continuum/zinit "$HOME/.local/share/zinit/zinit.git" && \
        print -P "%F{33} %F{34}Installation successful.%f%b" || \
        print -P "%F{160} The clone has failed.%f%b"
fi

source '/etc/zsh/zprofile'
source "$HOME/.local/share/zinit/zinit.git/zinit.zsh"
autoload -Uz _zinit
(( ${+_comps} )) && _comps[zinit]=_zinit
### End of Zinit's installer chunk

HISTFILE="$HOME/.zsh_history"
HISTSIZE=10000
SAVEHIST=10000
setopt BANG_HIST                 # Treat the '!' character specially during expansion.
setopt EXTENDED_HISTORY          # Write the history file in the ":start:elapsed;command" format.
setopt INC_APPEND_HISTORY        # Write to the history file immediately, not when the shell exits.
setopt SHARE_HISTORY             # Share history between all sessions.
setopt HIST_EXPIRE_DUPS_FIRST    # Expire duplicate entries first when trimming history.
setopt HIST_IGNORE_DUPS          # Don't record an entry that was just recorded again.
setopt HIST_IGNORE_ALL_DUPS      # Delete old recorded entry if new entry is a duplicate.
setopt HIST_FIND_NO_DUPS         # Do not display a line previously found.
setopt HIST_IGNORE_SPACE         # Don't record an entry starting with a space.
setopt HIST_SAVE_NO_DUPS         # Don't write duplicate entries in the history file.
setopt HIST_REDUCE_BLANKS        # Remove superfluous blanks before recording entry.
setopt HIST_VERIFY               # Don't execute immediately upon history expansion.
setopt HIST_BEEP                 # Beep when accessing nonexistent history.

# apt install fzf
zinit ice depth='1' lucid wait='0' atload='_zsh_autosuggest_start'
zinit light zsh-users/zsh-autosuggestions
zinit ice depth='1' lucid wait='0'
zinit light zsh-users/zsh-syntax-highlighting
zinit ice depth='1'
zinit light zsh-users/zsh-completions
zinit ice depth='1'
zinit light romkatv/powerlevel10k
zinit ice lucid wait='0'
zinit snippet OMZ::plugins/jsontools/jsontools.plugin.zsh
zinit ice lucid wait='0'
zinit snippet OMZ::plugins/fzf/fzf.plugin.zsh
zinit ice lucid wait='0'
zinit snippet OMZ::lib/completion.zsh

autoload -U compinit && compinit

# To customize prompt, run `p10k configure` or edit ~/.p10k.zsh.
if [ ${DISPLAY} ]; then
   [[ ! -f ~/.p10k.gui.zsh ]] || source ~/.p10k.gui.zsh
else
   [[ ! -f ~/.p10k.terminal.zsh ]] || source ~/.p10k.terminal.zsh
   if [ ${CHANGE_LANG_NOGUI} ]; then
       export LC_ALL="en_US.UTF-8"
   fi
fi

alias ls='ls --color=auto'
alias grep='grep --color=auto'
alias ll='ls -lh'
alias la='ls -A'
alias l='ls -CF'
alias cp='/usr/local/bin/cpg -g'
alias mv='/usr/local/bin/mvg -g'
alias cat='batcat --paging=never -p'

Powerlevel10k 配置

Powerlevel10k 是 zsh 的主题，在 .zshrc 中我们声明了在桌面环境和终端环境下使用不同的 p10k 配置，即桌面环境使用图标更多更友好的终端主题配置，而在终端环境下使用更保守的终端主题配置以保证兼容性，以下为两个配置文件完整内容链接

10k Config for GUI

10k Config for Terminal