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Fedora/Redhat在线安装更新软件包,yum篇──给新手指南(转载)

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提要:我们用的是Redhat/Fedora通过在线安装更新软件包,除了系统自带的up2date以外,我们还有更为强大的在线升级工具 yum 和 apt-get 可用。主要资源有 freshrpms.net和 rpm.livna.org ; 在本文中,我们主要解介绍 Fedora core 4.0 通过软件包管理工具yum来在线安装更新软件;关于apt工具应用,我们会在另外一篇中介绍;

源地址:http://fedora.linuxsir.org/main/?q=node/31

====================================================

作者:北南南北

来自:LinuxSir.Org

提要:我们用的是Redhat/Fedora通过在线安装更新软件包,除了系统自带的up2date以外,我们还有更为强大的在线升级工具 yum 和 apt-get 可用。主要资源有 freshrpms.net和 rpm.livna.org ;

在本文中,我们主要解介绍 Fedora core 4.0 通过软件包管理工具yum来在线安装更新软件;关于apt工具应用,我们会在另外一篇中介绍;

一、 yum 的使用;

有些初学Linux的弟兄可能问,为什么不用系统自带的图形化工具up2date来升级,却要用 yum呢。其实大家用一用就知道了,up2date 真是奇慢无比,而且经常失去响应;造成机器假死的情况。所以我们还是试一试yum ;另外freshrpms.net 可能比官方站更快的更新升级源,也没有理由不用 yum;

1、首先我们要到下面的地址下载与自己系统相对应的版本的 yum;

http://ayo.freshrpms.net/

比如我用的是Fedora core 4.0 就下载如下的包安装;

[root@localhost beinan]# rpm -ivh freshrpms-release-1.1-1.fc.noarch.rpm

warning: freshrpms-release-1.1-1.fc.noarch.rpm: Header V3 DSA signature: NOKEY, key ID e42d547

Preparing... ########################################### [100%]

1:freshrpms-release ########################################### [100%]

2、安装软件举例;

比如我要安装能听mp3的 bmp-mp3,只要输入下面的命令行即可,系统就自己工作了;

[root@localhost beinan]# yum install bmp-mp3

内容全景如下:

[root@localhost beinan]# yum install bmp-mp3

Setting up Install Proce

Setting up repositorie

updates-released          100% |=========================|  951 B    00:00

extras                    100% |=========================| 1.1 kB    00:00

ase                      100% |=========================| 1.1 kB    00:00

freshrpms                 100% |=========================|  951 B    00:00

Reading repository metadata in from local file

rimary.xml.gz            100% |=========================|  42 kB    00:03

freshrpms : ################################################## 122/122

Added 122 new packages, deleted 0 old in 0.72 second

Parsing package install argument

Resolving Dependencie

--> Populating transaction set with selected packages. Please wait.

---> Downloading header for bmp-mp3 to pack into transaction set.

mp-mp3-0.9.7-1.2.fc4.i38 100% |=========================| 2.9 kB    00:00

---> Package bmp-mp3.i386 0:0.9.7-1.2.fc4 set to be updated

--> Running transaction check

--> Processing Dependency: libid3-3.8.so.3 for package: bmp-mp3

--> Processing Dependency: libbeep.so.2 for package: bmp-mp3

--> Processing Dependency: bmp >= 0.9.7 for package: bmp-mp3

--> Restarting Dependency Resolution with new changes.

--> Populating transaction set with selected packages. Please wait.

---> Downloading header for id3lib to pack into transaction set.

id3lib-3.8.3-11.fc4.i386. 100% |=========================|  38 kB    00:05

---> Package id3lib.i386 0:3.8.3-11.fc4 set to be updated

---> Downloading header for bmp to pack into transaction set.

mp-0.9.7-10.fc4.i386.rpm 100% |=========================|  14 kB    00:03

---> Package bmp.i386 0:0.9.7-10.fc4 set to be updated

--> Running transaction check

Dependencies Resolved

=============================================================================

Package                 Arch       Version          Repository        Size

=============================================================================

Installing:

mp-mp3                 i386       0.9.7-1.2.fc4    freshrpms          95 k

Installing for dependencies:

mp                     i386       0.9.7-10.fc4     extras            912 k

id3lib                  i386       3.8.3-11.fc4     extras            752 k

Transaction Summary

=============================================================================

Install      3 Package(s)

Update       0 Package(s)

Remove       0 Package(s)

Total download size: 1.7 M

Is this ok [y/N]: y

Downloading Packages:

(1/3): id3lib-3.8.3-11.fc 100% |=========================| 752 kB    01:04

(2/3): bmp-0.9.7-10.fc4.i 100% |=========================| 912 kB    02:14

(3/3): bmp-mp3-0.9.7-1.2. 100% |=========================|  95 kB    00:05

Running Transaction Test

Finished Transaction Test

Transaction Test Succeeded

Running Transactio

Installing: bmp                          ######################### [1/3]

Installing: id3lib                       ######################### [2/3]

Installing: bmp-mp3                      ######################### [3/3]

Installed: bmp-mp3.i386 0:0.9.7-1.2.fc4

Dependency Installed: bmp.i386 0:0.9.7-10.fc4 id3lib.i386 0:3.8.3-11.fc4

Complete!

注:yum优点:软件包依赖关系自行解决,比如上面的,我们可以看到本来我们只安装的是bmp-mp3,结果yum 安装也安装了 id3lib ;bm

二、yum的一点小用法;

1、查询软件包;

面对成千上万的软件,我们可能无从下手,有时也不知道它的文件名;这时就要用到查询;我们可以用 yum list 来列出yum升级源上的包有文件;然后我们再来查看 info

有以下几个组合可以用;比如;

[root@localhost beinan]# yum list |more

加上一个管道 |,然后 more 一下,就能把所有的包分页显示出来。然后按一下空格键就能看下一页了。在显示的软件列表中,会有软件名称、版本、是否安装等;仔细的看一下吧。熟悉了就好了。也没有什么难的。

[root@localhost beinan]# yum list |more

Setting up repositorie

Reading repository metadata in from local file

Installed Package

4Suite.i386                              1.0-8.b1               installed

Canna.i386                               3.7p3-13               installed

Canna-devel.i386                         3.7p3-13               installed

如果想知道软件的详细信息,可能得用上info参数了。比如:

用法:

[root@localhost beinan]# yum info 软件名

比如:

[root@localhost beinan]# yum info bmp-mp3

Setting up repositorie

updates-released          100% |=========================|  951 B    00:00

extras                    100% |=========================| 1.1 kB    00:00

ase                      100% |=========================| 1.1 kB    00:00

freshrpms                 100% |=========================|  951 B    00:00

Reading repository metadata in from local file

Installed Package

Name   : bmp-mp3

Arch   : i386

Version: 0.9.7

Release: 1.2.fc4

Size   : 234 k

Repo   : freshrpm

Summary: MP3 playback plugin for the Beep Media Player

Description:

This package contains an MP3 playback plugin for BMP (Beep Media Player),

a media player that uses a skinned user interface based on Winamp 2.x skins,

and is based on ("forked off") XMMS.

在上面的例子中,如果Repo : freshrpms是这样的,表示您的系统没有安装这个软件,如果显示的是:Repo : installed,表示已经安装了。

查询软件包,也可以再加参数 grep ,比如我们想查询升级源上是否有内核的新版本,则我们可以用下面的命令查询;当然您也可以用 [root@localhost beinan]# yum search kernel |more ,也就是yum --help提供的参数,也是一样的;

[root@localhost beinan]# yum list |grep kernel

我们看一下机器工作的结果,如下:

[root@localhost beinan]# yum list |grep kernel

GFS-kernel.i686                          2.6.11.8-20050601.1526 installed

cman-kernel.i686                         2.6.11.5-20050601.1526 installed

dlm-kernel.i686                          2.6.11.5-20050601.1526 installed

gnbd-kernel.i686                         2.6.11.2-20050420.1331 installed

kernel.i686                              2.6.11-1.1369_FC4      installed

kernel-devel.i686                        2.6.11-1.1369_FC4      installed

kernel-doc.noarch                        2.6.11-1.1369_FC4      installed

GFS-kernel.i586                          2.6.11.8-20050601.1526 base

GFS-kernel-debuginfo.i686                2.6.11.8-20050601.1526 updates-released

GFS-kernel-debuginfo.i586                2.6.11.8-20050601.1526 updates-released

GFS-kernel-smp.i686                      2.6.11.8-20050601.1526 base

GFS-kernel-xen0.i686                     2.6.11.8-20050601.1526 base

GFS-kernel-xenU.i686                     2.6.11.8-20050601.1526 base

cman-kernel.i586                         2.6.11.5-20050601.1526 updates-released

cman-kernel.i686                         2.6.11.5-20050601.1526 updates-released

cman-kernel-debuginfo.i586               2.6.11.5-20050601.1526 updates-released

cman-kernel-debuginfo.i686               2.6.11.5-20050601.1526 updates-released

cman-kernel-smp.i686                     2.6.11.5-20050601.1526 updates-released

cman-kernel-xen0.i686                    2.6.11.5-20050601.1526 updates-released

cman-kernel-xenU.i686                    2.6.11.5-20050601.1526 updates-released

dlm-kernel.i686                          2.6.11.5-20050601.1526 updates-released

dlm-kernel.i586                          2.6.11.5-20050601.1526 updates-released

dlm-kernel-debuginfo.i586                2.6.11.5-20050601.1526 updates-released

dlm-kernel-debuginfo.i686                2.6.11.5-20050601.1526 updates-released

dlm-kernel-smp.i686                      2.6.11.5-20050601.1526 updates-released

dlm-kernel-xen0.i686                     2.6.11.5-20050601.1526 updates-released

dlm-kernel-xenU.i686                     2.6.11.5-20050601.1526 updates-released

gnbd-kernel.i686                         2.6.11.2-20050420.1331 updates-released

gnbd-kernel.i586                         2.6.11.2-20050420.1331 updates-released

gnbd-kernel-debuginfo.i586               2.6.11.2-20050420.1331 updates-released

gnbd-kernel-debuginfo.i686               2.6.11.2-20050420.1331 updates-released

gnbd-kernel-smp.i686                     2.6.11.2-20050420.1331 updates-released

gnbd-kernel-xen0.i686                    2.6.11.2-20050420.1331 updates-released

gnbd-kernel-xenU.i686                    2.6.11.2-20050420.1331 updates-released

kernel.i586                              2.6.12-1.1398_FC4      updates-released

kernel.i686                              2.6.12-1.1398_FC4      updates-released

kernel-debuginfo.i686                    2.6.12-1.1398_FC4      updates-released

kernel-debuginfo.i586                    2.6.12-1.1398_FC4      updates-released

kernel-devel.i586                        2.6.12-1.1398_FC4      updates-released

kernel-devel.i686                        2.6.12-1.1398_FC4      updates-released

kernel-doc.noarch                        2.6.12-1.1398_FC4      updates-released

kernel-smp.i686                          2.6.12-1.1398_FC4      updates-released

kernel-smp-devel.i686                    2.6.12-1.1398_FC4      updates-released

kernel-xen0.i686                         2.6.12-1.1398_FC4      updates-released

kernel-xen0-devel.i686                   2.6.12-1.1398_FC4      updates-released

kernel-xenU.i686                         2.6.12-1.1398_FC4      updates-released

kernel-xenU-devel.i686                   2.6.12-1.1398_FC4      updates-released

上面的确显示出一大堆与内核有关的, installed表示我们的系统已经安装了;

咱们看前一列吧,看一下名字就能猜个差不多;比如 doc 肯定和内核文档有关了;smp是多处理器的内核;其它的我不懂了,请想知道的弟兄用 info来看吧。

比如我们用的机器是单处理器的X86机,想看一下是否有新内核可用。所以咱们试一下下面的这个。看是否已经有了新内核可以升级的;

[root@localhost beinan]# yum info kernel.i686

[root@localhost beinan]# yum info kernel.i686

Setting up repositorie

updates-released          100% |=========================|  951 B    00:00

extras                    100% |=========================| 1.1 kB    00:00

ase                      100% |=========================| 1.1 kB    00:00

freshrpms                 100% |=========================|  951 B    00:00

Reading repository metadata in from local file

Installed Package

Name   : kernel

Arch   : i686

Version: 2.6.11

Release: 1.1369_FC4

Size   : 37 M

Repo   : installed

Summary: Linux 内核(Linux 操作系统的核心)。

Description:

kernel 软件包包含 Linux 内核 (vmlinuz),Red Hat Linux

操作系统的核心。内核处理操作系统的基本功能:

分配内存、处理分配、设备的输入和输出等等。

Available Package

Name   : kernel

Arch   : i686

Version: 2.6.12

Release: 1.1398_FC4

Size   : 14 M

Repo   : updates-released

Summary: The Linux kernel (the core of the Linux operating system)

Description:

The kernel package contains the Linux kernel (vmlinuz), the core of any

Linux operating system.  The kernel handles the basic functio

of the operating system:  memory allocation, process allocation, device

input and output, etc.

通过上面的信息,我们可以看到 2.6.11的是已经安装了,因为已经显示的是Repo : installed ,下面还有一个Version: 2.6.12 ,告诉我们是Repo : updates-released,看来这个是升级用的了。

所以是否升级就看我们的了。

[root@localhost beinan]# yum update kernel

升级内核全景如下:

[root@localhost beinan]# yum update  kernel

Setting up Upgrade Proce

Setting up repositorie

updates-released          100% |=========================|  951 B    00:00

extras                    100% |=========================| 1.1 kB    00:00

ase                      100% |=========================| 1.1 kB    00:00

freshrpms                 100% |=========================|  951 B    00:00

Reading repository metadata in from local file

Resolving Dependencie

--> Populating transaction set with selected packages. Please wait.

---> Downloading header for kernel to pack into transaction set.

kernel-2.6.12-1.1398_FC4. 100% |=========================| 174 kB    00:18

---> Package kernel.i686 0:2.6.12-1.1398_FC4 set to be installed

--> Running transaction check

Dependencies Resolved

=============================================================================

Package                 Arch       Version          Repository        Size

=============================================================================

Installing:

kernel                  i686       2.6.12-1.1398_FC4  updates-released   14 M

Transaction Summary

=============================================================================

Install      1 Package(s)

Update       0 Package(s)

Remove       0 Package(s)

Total download size: 14 M

Is this ok [y/N]:

是不是升级,只需要在 Is this ok [y/N]:行的后面输入y或者N;y是yes,就是点头同意的意思;N就是摇头No的意思。

对于软件包的查询,还有,比如:

[root@localhost beinan]# yum list available 列出所有升级源上的包;

[root@localhost beinan]# yum list updates 列出所有升级源上的可以更新包;

[root@localhost beinan]# yum list installed 列出已经安装的包;

yum 的命令支持通配符; 比如;

[root@localhost beinan]# yum list mp* |more

Setting up repositorie

Reading repository metadata in from local file

Installed Package

mpage.i386                               2.5.4-5                installed

Available Package

mpc.i386                                 0.11.2-3               extra

mpeg2dec.i386                            0.4.0-5b.2.fc4         freshrpm

mpeg2dec-devel.i386                      0.4.0-5b.2.fc4         freshrpm

mpg321.i386                              0.2.10-6.2.fc4         freshrpm

mplayer.i386                             1.0-0.16.pre7.2.fc4    freshrpm

mplayer-docs.i386                        1.0-0.16.pre7.2.fc4    freshrpm

mplayer-fonts.noarch                     1.1-3.fc               freshrpm

mplayer-skins.noarch                     1.7-1.fc               freshrpm

[root@localhost beinan]#

2.安装和升级软件包;

安装和升级分别是 install 和 update 参数;比如;

[root@localhost beinan]# yum update firefox

这样我们就可以升级 firefox了。

[root@localhost beinan]# yum update firefox

Setting up Update Proce

Setting up repositorie

updates-released          100% |=========================|  951 B    00:00

extras                    100% |=========================| 1.1 kB    00:00

ase                      100% |=========================| 1.1 kB    00:03

freshrpms                 100% |=========================|  951 B    00:02

Reading repository metadata in from local file

Resolving Dependencie

--> Populating transaction set with selected packages. Please wait.

---> Package firefox.i386 0:1.0.6-1.1.fc4 set to be updated

--> Running transaction check

Dependencies Resolved

=============================================================================

Package                 Arch       Version          Repository        Size

=============================================================================

Updating:

firefox                 i386       1.0.6-1.1.fc4    updates-released   18 M

Transaction Summary

=============================================================================

Install      0 Package(s)

Update       1 Package(s)

Remove       0 Package(s)

Total download size: 18 M

Is this ok [y/N]:

如果不加参数的 update 会是什么呢??

[root@localhost beinan]# yum update

试着运行一下看看?会好长时间,对系统进行全面更新,我们要进行y和N了。

3.移除软件包要用到remove参数;比如;

[root@localhost beinan]# yum remove bmp-mp3

内容全景如下:

[root@localhost beinan]# yum remove bmp-mp3

Setting up Remove Proce

Resolving Dependencie

--> Populating transaction set with selected packages. Please wait.

---> Package bmp-mp3.i386 0:0.9.7-1.2.fc4 set to be erased

--> Running transaction check

Dependencies Resolved

=============================================================================

Package                 Arch       Version          Repository        Size

=============================================================================

Removing:

mp-mp3                 i386       0.9.7-1.2.fc4    installed         234 k

Transaction Summary

=============================================================================

Install      0 Package(s)

Update       0 Package(s)

Remove       1 Package(s)

Total download size: 0

Is this ok [y/N]:

按y就移除了;

三、yum的图形工具;

请参见:《软件在线升级更新yum 图形工具介绍》

四、yum的帮助;

在论坛中有好多,有兴趣的弟兄自己找找看吧;但也不要忘记了自救;呵。。。。

[root@localhost beinan]# yum --hel

Usage:  yum [options] < update | install | info | remove | list

clean | provides | search | check-update | groupinstall

groupupdate | grouplist | groupinfo | groupremove

makecache | localinstall | shell >

Options:

-c [config file] - specify the config file to use

-e [error level] - set the error logging level

-d [debug level] - set the debugging level

-y - answer yes to all questio

-R [time in minutes] - set the max amount of time to randomly run i

-C run from cache only - do not update the cache

--installroot=[path] - set the install root (default \'/\')

--version - output the version of yum

--exclude=package to exclude

--disablerepo=repository id to disable (overrides config file)

--enablerepo=repository id to enable (overrides config file)

-h, --help  - this scree

还有更厉害的帮助;

[root@localhost beinan]#man yum

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