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Linux-定时任务-打包与压缩

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第12章 Linux系统管理-打包与压缩1. 压缩包概述2. Zip打包压缩3. Gzip打包压缩4. Tar打包压缩5. Linux打包与压缩习题6. 显示时间命令7. 如何让系统自动同步时间

1. 压缩包概述

1. 什么是压缩包

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就是将多个文件和目录合并为一个特殊的文件

2. 为什么使用压缩包

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1.减少占用的体积
2.加快网络的传输

3. Windows的压缩和Linux的有什么不同

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windows: zip  rar(linux不支持)
linux: zip tar.gz tar.bz2  .gz
如果希望windows的软件能被linux解压,或者linux的软件包被windows能识别,选择zip.
PS: 压缩包的后缀不重要,但一定要携带.

4. Linux下常见的压缩包类型

格式压缩工具 .zip zip压缩工具 .gz gzip压缩工具,只能压缩文件,会删除源文件(通常配合tar使用) .bz2 bzip2压缩工具,只能压缩文件,会删除源文件(通常配合tar使用) .tar.gz 先使用tar命令归档打包,然后使用gzip压缩 .tar.bz2 先使用tar命令归档打包,然后使用bzip压缩 2. Zip打包压缩

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使用zip命令可以对文件进行压缩打包,解压则需要使用unzip命令
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#默认情况下,没有zip和unzip工具,需要进行安装
[root@qls ~]# yum install zip unzip -y

#压缩文件为zip包(并不会删除源文件)
   
[root@qls ~]# zip   filename.zip    filename

#压缩目录为zip包(压缩时需要添加-r参数,递归的方式)

[root@qls ~]# zip  -r  dir.zip    dir/

#解压zip文件包(不要覆盖掉原来的文件,尽可能找一个空的目录解压,然后再mv移动过去)
[root@qls ~]# unzip filename.zip
#测试linux的zip是否能与windows的zip互通    ---->可以
#zip命令常用选项
-q #不显示指令执行过程;
-r #递归处理,将指定目录下的所有文件和子目录一并处理;
-T#检查压缩包是否完整;
#unzip命令的选项
-l#显示压缩文件内所包含的文件;
-t#检查压缩文件是否正确
-q#执行时不显示任何信息;
-d      #指定文件解压缩后所要存储的目录;

3. Gzip打包压缩

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gzip是在Linux系统中经常使用的一个对文件进行压缩和解压缩的命令,既方便又好用。
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#如果系统中没有该命令,请进行下载安装
[root@qls ~]# yum install gzip -y
#对文件进行压缩
[root@qls ~]# gzip file
#查看gz压缩后的文件
[root@qls ~]# zcat file.gz
#解压gzip的压缩包
[root@qls ~]# gzip -d file.gz
#对目录进行压缩
[root@qls ~]# gzip -r dir/
#解压目录
[root@qls ~]# gzip -rd dir/
#选项
-d#解开压缩文件;
-r#递归处理,将指定目录下的所有文件及子目录一并处理;

4. Tar打包压缩

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tar是linux下最常用的压缩与解压缩,支持文件和目录的压缩归档
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#语法
tar [OPTION...] [FILE]...
#选项
z #使用gzip压缩归档后的文件(.tar.gz)
j#使用bzip2压缩归档后的文件(.tar.bz2)
J#使用xz压缩归档后的文件(.tar.xz)
c #表示创建压缩包
v #表示显示创建压缩包和解压的过程
f #表示指定压缩包(f一定要放在这几个参数的最后)
t #查看压缩包内容
x #解压
C#指定解压目录位置
X#排除多个文件(写入需要排除的文件名称)
P#使用绝对路径打包
h#打包软连接
--exclude#排除不需要打包的文件
#常用打包与压缩组合
czf#打包tar.gz格式
cjf#打包tar.bz2格式
cJf#打包tar.xz格式
xf#自动选择解压模式
tf#查看压缩包内容
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#如何打包,将所有的文件,和目录打成一个包,tar命令进行归档,gzip进行压缩,tar.gz
[root@qls /]# tar czf tt.tar.gz var/ dir1/ test.log
#扩展了解项:
#打包为bz2格式的压缩包
[root@qls /]# tar cjf tt.tar.bz2 var/ dir1/ test.log   
#打包为xz格式的压缩包
[root@qls ~]# tar cJf tt.tar.xz var/ dir1/ test.log   
#查看压缩包的内容
[root@qls ~]# tar tf tt.tar.gz 

#解压软件包,解压tar.gz tar.bz2 tar.xz
[root@qls ~]# tar xf tt.tar.gz
#解压默认是解压到当前目录下
[root@qls ~]# tar xf tt.tar.gz -C /tmp/
#打包时的路径选择: 相对路径  绝对路径
[root@qls ~]# tar czf sys.tar.gz /etc/ /var/
tar: Removing leading `/\' from member names
tar: Removing leading `/\' from hard link targets
#问题: 为什么有一个删根的操作:
防止在解压的过程中,直接覆盖原有的目录以及文件

#推荐的打包方式:
#将etc目录 var目录 统一打包存放到/root/目录下的 etc.tar.gz压缩包中
[root@qls ~]#  cd /
[root@qls /]# tar czf root/etc.tar.gz   etc/ var/
#如何打包时排除文件: (备份不需要使用排除,)
#1.排除单个文件
[root@qls /]# tar czf etc.tar.gz --exclude=etc/services etc/
#2.排除多个文件
[root@qls /]# tar czf etc.tar.gz --exclude=etc/services --exclude=etc/rc.local etc/
[root@qls /]# tar czf etc.tar.gz --exclude=etc/{passwd,shadow,gshadow} etc/ 
#3.将需要排除的文件写入文件中
[root@qls /]# cat paichu.list#必须写相对路径
etc/services
etc/rc.local
etc/rc.d/rc.local
#通过-X指定需要排除的文件列表, 最后进行打包压缩
[root@qls /]# tar czfX etc.tar.gz paichu.list etc/
#如何打包时保留软连接文件
#打包链接文件,打包链接文件的真实文件
[root@qls ~]# cd /
[root@qls /]# tar czfh local.tar.gz  etc/rc.local

Find与Tar打包的结合方式

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#打包/tmp下所有文件
[root@qls ~]# cd /
[root@qls /]# find tmp/ -type f | xargs tar czf tmp.tar.gz
#打包/tmp下所有文件
[root@qls /]# tar czf tmp.tar.gz $(find /tmp/ -type f)
#统计文件的大小
[root@qls /]# du -sh tmp.tar.gz

#经统计结果对比: 压缩前的文件或目录假设占用了6MB,压缩后可能就占用1MB.

Find与Du打包的结合方式

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#扩展: 统计/下面的目录的大小,只统计1级
[root@qls ~]# find / -maxdepth 1 -type d |sed -r \'s#(.*)# du -sh \1 #g\'|bash
[root@qls ~]# ls -d /* |xargs du -sh
[root@qls ~]# du -sh /*

5. Linux打包与压缩习题

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1.列出linux常用打包工具并写相应的压缩、解压缩参数
gzip: 只能压缩单个文件
1.gzip  filename   #打包|压缩
2.gzip -d filename.gz #解压
3.zcat  filename.gz#查看压缩包中的内容
zip: 支持压缩多个目录和文件--->希望能与windows进行互通
1.zip  -r   filename.zip    filename
  命令  递归 选项             参数
  搬家  多个 箱子             物品
2. unzip  filename.zip     #解包
  
tar: 能够支持单个文件和多个文件,并也能与windows进行互通. 因为很多开源的项目提供的压缩包就是tar.gz
tar czf  filname.tar.gz   filename directory#打包
tar xf   filname.tar.gz#解压
tar xf   filname.tar.gz -C /tmp#解压到指定解压的目标位置
tar tf   filename.tar.gz#查看压缩包内容
-----------------------------------
tar cjf  filename.tar.bz2#打包格式为bz2
tar cJf  filename.tar.xz#打包格式为xz
2.如何用gzip命令对文件进行压缩、解压缩,给出实践步骤。
1.gzip  filename   #打包|压缩
2.gzip -d filename.gz #解压
3.如何用zip命令对文件以及目录进行压缩、解压缩,给出实践步骤。
1.zip  -r   filename.zip    filename
  命令  递归 选项             参数
  搬家  多个 箱子             物品
2. unzip  filename.zip     #解包
4.创建一个自己名字的文件至/opt目录,给出实践步骤。
[root@qls ~]# touch /opt/ttt

5.打包opt/整个目录,并命名为opt_2019_08_19.tar.gz,给出实践步骤。
#写死
[root@qls ~]# tar czf opt_2019-08-19.tar.gz /opt/
[root@qls ~]# date +%F
2019-08-19
[root@qls ~]# tar czf opt_$(date +%F).tar.gz /opt/
[root@qls ~]# ls
opt_2019-08-19.tar.gz 
[root@qls ~]# date -s "2019/08/16"
[root@qls ~]# tar czf opt_$(date +%F).tar.gz /opt/
opt_2019-08-16.tar.gz
6.查看打包好的opt_2019_08_19.tar.gz里的文件,给出实践步骤。
[root@qls ~]# tar tf opt_2019-08-19.tar.gz 
7.将打包好的opt_2019_08_19.tar.gz内容指定解压至/tmp目录,并给出实践步骤。
[root@qls ~]# tar xf opt_2019-08-19.tar.gz  -C /tmp/
8.打包以当前主机名+ip的命名方式的压缩包: 比如: www.oldboyedu.com_2019-08-19_10.0.0.99.tar.gz ,压缩/opt目录即可
1.提取主机名 hostname
2.提取IP地址 ifconfig ens32|awk \'/inet / {print $2}\'
3.提取当前时间date +%F

[root@qls ~]# tar czf $(hostname)_$(ifconfig eth0|awk \'/inet / {print $2}\')_$(date +%F).tar.gz   /opt 

6. 显示时间命令

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很多shell脚本里面需要打印不同格式的时间或日期,以及要根据时间和日期执行操作。
date命令是显示或设置系统时间与日期。
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#选项
-d #根据你的描述显示日期
-s   #修改日期
%H #小时,24小时制(00~23)
%M #分钟(00~59)
%s #从1970年1月1日00:00:00到目前经历的秒数
%S #显示秒(00~59)
%T #显示时间,24小时制(hh:mm:ss)
%d #一个月的第几天(01~31)
%j #一年的第几天(001~366)
%m #月份(01~12)
%w #一个星期的第几天(0代表星期天)
%W #一年的第几个星期(00~53,星期一为第一天)
%y #年的最后两个数字(1999则是99)
%Y #年,实际
%F #显示日期(%Y-%m-%d)
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#date命令示例:
[root@qls ~]# date
Sat May 18 21:33:24 CST 2019
[root@qls ~]# date +%F
2019-05-18
[root@qls ~]# date +%T
21:33:33
[root@qls ~]# date +%y-%m-%d
19-05-18
[root@qls ~]# date +%w
6
[root@qls ~]# date +%s
1558186507
[root@qls ~]# date +%d
18
[root@qls ~]# date +%W
19
[root@qls ~]# date +%j
138
[root@qls ~]# date -d "-1 day" +%F
2019-05-17
[root@qls ~]# date -d "+1 day" +%F
2019-05-19
[root@qls ~]# date -d "1 d" +%F
2019-05-18
[root@qls ~]# date -d "+1 year" +%F
2020-05-18
[root@qls ~]# date -d "11 year" +%F
2030-05-18
[root@qls ~]# date -d "+1 year" +%F
2020-05-18
[root@qls ~]# date -d "1 year" +%F
2020-05-18
[root@qls ~]# date -s 20201231
Thu Dec 31 00:00:00 CST 2020
[root@qls ~]# date +%F
2020-12-31
[root@qls ~]# date -s 11
Sat May 18 11:00:00 CST 2019
[root@qls ~]# date +%T
11:00:15
[root@qls ~]# date -s 11:30:30
Sat May 18 11:30:30 CST 2019
[root@qls ~]# date +%T
11:30:31
[root@qls ~]# date -s "20201231 12:00:00"
Thu Dec 31 12:00:00 CST 2020
[root@qls ~]# date +%F
2020-12-31
[root@qls ~]# date +%T
12:00:12

7. 如何让系统自动同步时间

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ntpdate命令是用来设置本地日期和时间。
PS1:必须有 root 权限才能在主机上运行这个命令。
PS2:如果NTP服务器守护程序在主机上运行,命令将拒绝ntpdate设置日期。
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#系统中默认没有该命令,需要自行下载安装
[root@qls ~]# yum install ntpdate -y 
#常用可进行同步时间的NTP服务器
ntp.aliyun.com
ntp1.aliyun.com......ntp7.aliyun.com
#同步时间
[root@qls ~]# ntpdate ntp.aliyun.com
18 May 21:49:06 ntpdate[36642]: adjust time server 203.107.6.88 offset -0.003359 sec
[root@qls ~]# date +%F_%T
2019-08-19_21:49:27
#让系统自动同步时间,只需添加一条定时任务即可。
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